pari ray
Nusa Penida marine life data: mantas, mola and the marine park
The marine rows of the register behind this guide to Nusa Penida in Bali, Indonesia: manta ray and mola research at the island's sites, the Nusa Penida marine protected area with its daily ticket, zones and protected species as the province and the national decree set them, and the mangroves and seaweed farming of Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. Each row names the study or body, links to it and carries the date it was read. All rows download from the Nusa Penida data page.
73 rows, read 13 November 2026. Every row of every topic: JSON or CSV, licence CC BY 4.0.
Type a word, a body or a row id to narrow the rows on this page.
Marine life
Manta and mola research, the marine protected area with its ticket and zones, the mangroves and seaweed farming. Read at the source on 13 November 2026; select a row id for its own address.
| Row | Claim | Value | Issuing body | Read |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRW-MOLA-001 | Thys et al. (2016) report satellite-tagged short ocean sunfish (Mola ramsayi) tagged off Nusa Penida/Nusa Lembongan used water temperatures of 10-27.5 °C | 10 to 27.5 °C | Thys | |
| BRW-MOLA-002 | Thys et al. (2016) report tagged Nusa Penida sunfish spent 95% of their time in the upper 250 m (2004 tag data, two fish) | 95 % | Thys | |
| BRW-MOLA-003 | Thys et al. (2016) report one tag popped off as scheduled after 188 days (about 6 months), less than 10 km from where it was deployed off Nusa Penida | <10 km | Thys | |
| BRW-MOLA-004 | Thys et al. (2016) state Bali's south coast has strong seasonal upwelling from about June through October, driven by southeast monsoon winds | June to October season | Thys | |
| BRW-MOLA-005 | Thys et al. (2016) cite divers' observations that Mola ramsayi is most commonly sighted above 30 m during spring tides from July through October, when upwelling cools the surface water | July to October peak sighting months | Thys | |
| BRW-MOLA-006 | Thys et al. (2016) cite deeper dives (50-70 m) suggesting short ocean sunfish may be at Nusa Penida year-round in cooler 20-24 °C water below recreational dive depth | year-round (deep) presence | Thys | |
| BRW-MOLA-007 | Thys et al. (2016) report the sunfish were tagged by divers during cleaning sessions at 20-26 m depth off Nusa Lembongan, in September-October 2004 and October 2008 | 20 to 26 m (cleaning depth) | Thys | |
| BRW-MOLA-008 | Thys et al. (2016) cite a 2015 survey off Bali's south coast (30 Oct-5 Nov) estimating 204 ocean sunfish in a 1,393 km2 survey area | 204 individuals | Thys | |
| BRW-MPA-001 | Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2024 sets the daily entry ticket to Bali provincial marine conservation areas for nature tourism (which include the Nusa Penida marine park) for a foreign tourist at IDR 100,000 per person per day | IDR 100,000 per person per day | Bali Provincial Government | |
| BRW-MPA-002 | Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2024 sets the daily marine conservation area entry ticket for a domestic tourist at IDR 10,000 per person per day | IDR 10,000 per person per day | Bali Provincial Government | |
| BRW-MPA-003 | Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2024 sets an annual marine conservation area entry ticket for a foreign tourist at IDR 500,000 per person per year | IDR 500,000 per person per year | Bali Provincial Government | |
| BRW-MPA-004 | Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2024 lists no separate child rate for the marine conservation area entry ticket | none listed child rate | Bali Provincial Government | |
| BRW-MPA-005 | Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2024 charges IDR 10,000 per snorkelling set per day and IDR 15,000 per scuba set per day brought into a provincial marine conservation area | IDR 10,000 / IDR 15,000 per unit per day | Bali Provincial Government | |
| BRW-MPA-006 | Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2024 charges a tourist boat with under 50 passenger capacity IDR 2,000,000 per boat per day in a provincial marine conservation area | IDR 2,000,000 per boat per day | Bali Provincial Government | |
| BRW-MPA-007 | Bali Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2024 was enacted and promulgated on 5 January 2024 and is listed as in force by the Bali provincial legal database | 5 January 2024 | Bali Provincial Government | |
| BRW-MPA-008 | Bali Governor Regulation No. 14 of 2026 (1 July 2026) amends only Article 68 of Pergub 20/2024 on collection incentives and changes no fee or tariff | no tariff change scope | Bali Provincial Government | |
| LND-CEN-001 | Klungkung Regency states the mangrove boardwalk with viewing tower in Nusa Ceningan is 100 m long and cost Rp1.2 billion from Bappenas | 100 m | Klungkung Regency | |
| LND-CEN-002 | Klungkung Regency states the Nusa Ceningan mangrove track lies in a regional conservation area (Kawasan Konservasi Daerah) | Kawasan Konservasi Daerah protection status | Klungkung Regency | |
| LND-CEN-003 | Klungkung Regency stated in 2020 that the Ceningan Kangin mangrove area (former milkfish ponds) covers about 3-4 ha | 3 to 4 ha | Klungkung Regency | |
| LND-LEM-001 | Andréfouët et al. (2021, peer-reviewed) report seaweed farming on Nusa Lembongan had disappeared by 2017 after more than 30 years | 2017 year farming gone | Andréfouët et al. 2021 | |
| LND-LEM-002 | Andréfouët et al. (2021) report that of 50 former Nusa Lembongan seaweed farmers interviewed in 2018, half had moved to tourism jobs | half share to tourism (n=50, 2018) | Andréfouët et al. 2021 | |
| LND-LEM-003 | Andréfouët et al. (2021) report seaweed farming on Nusa Lembongan began in the late 1970s | late 1970s start | Andréfouët et al. 2021 | |
| LND-LEM-004 | Andréfouët et al. (2021) report the Nusa Penida Marine Conservation Area covers 20,000 ha and was set up in 2010 | 20,000 ha | Andréfouët et al. 2021 | |
| LND-LEM-010 | Andréfouët et al. (2021) report the semi-dry seaweed price fell to 2000 Rp/kg in 2016-17, against 15,000-20,000 Rp/kg earlier | 2000 Rp/kg (2016-17) | Andréfouët et al. 2021 | |
| LND-LEM-011 | Klungkung Regency stated (in a 2020 news item) that about 600 seaweed farmers worked in Nusa Penida sub-district | about 600 seaweed farmers | Klungkung Regency | |
| SEA-MANTA-001 | Germanov et al. (2019) identified reef manta rays in the Nusa Penida MPA, January 2012 to April 2018, numbering | 624 individuals | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-002 | Germanov et al. (2019) analysed manta sightings in the Nusa Penida MPA, January 2012 to April 2018, numbering | 5,913 sightings | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-003 | Germanov et al. (2019) logged manta sightings at Manta Bay (Nusa Penida MPA, 2012-2018) numbering | 3,029 sightings | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-004 | Germanov et al. (2019) logged manta sightings at Manta Point (Nusa Penida MPA, 2012-2018) numbering | 3,058 sightings | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-005 | Germanov et al. (2019) describe Manta Bay and Manta Point as shallow bays with depths of | 7 to 25 m | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-006 | Germanov et al. (2019) give the straight-line distance between Manta Bay and Manta Point as about | 12.4 km | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-007 | In one operator's 2016-2017 dive logs, the share of Nusa Penida manta sightings made at Manta Bay and Manta Point was about | 93 percent | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-008 | Germanov et al. (2019) found mantas present at both Nusa Penida sites year-round, with Manta Point sightings rising in May by about | 2 times (twofold) | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-009 | Germanov et al. (2019) found courtship at Manta Point occurs year-round but peaks in | April to May months | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-010 | Germanov et al. (2019) recorded mantas foraging at Manta Bay in a share of behaviour-logged sightings of | 79 percent | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-011 | Germanov et al. (2019) recorded mantas cleaning at Manta Point in a share of behaviour-logged sightings of | 59 percent | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-012 | Germanov et al. (2019) found the male to female ratio of Nusa Penida reef mantas was | 1.4:1 ratio | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-013 | Germanov et al. (2019) found the share of identified Nusa Penida mantas re-sighted more than once was | 82 percent | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-014 | Germanov et al. (2019) found Nusa Penida mantas with fin or fishing-line injuries numbering | 87 (about 14%) individuals | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-015 | Germanov et al. (2019) report the average annual number of boats at Manta Point rose from 5.3 in 2012 to | 13.4 (2017) boats | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-016 | Germanov et al. (2019) report the monthly average number of boats at Manta Point is highest from April to October, at | 10.9 to 14.0 boats | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-017 | Germanov et al. (2019) state the north-west monsoon, which brings poor weather and limits access to the manta sites, runs | December to January months | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MANTA-018 | Germanov et al. (2019) cite tracking showing Nusa Penida mantas travel to the Gili Islands, about | 80 km straight-line | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MOLA-001 | Thys et al. (2016) report satellite-tagged sunfish (Mola ramsayi) tagged at Nusa Penida experienced water temperatures of | 10 to 27.5 °C | Thys et al. | |
| SEA-MOLA-002 | Thys et al. (2016) report tagged Nusa Penida sunfish spent most of their time in the upper 250 m, a share of | 95 percent | Thys et al. | |
| SEA-MOLA-003 | Thys et al. (2016) report one tag popped up after 6 months less than this distance from Nusa Penida: | 10 km | Thys et al. | |
| SEA-MOLA-004 | Tito and Susilo (2017) found upwelling at Crystal Bay (water below 25 °C) peaks in | August to September months | Tito and Susilo | |
| SEA-MOLA-005 | Tito and Susilo (2017) cite about 70 ocean sunfish sightings in Nusa Penida waters from about 400 dives during | August to October 2014 period | Tito and Susilo | |
| SEA-MOLA-006 | Dewi et al. (2021) recorded the most sunfish in Nusa Penida waters in September 2019, with individuals numbering | 38 (in 22 sightings) individuals | Dewi | |
| SEA-MOLA-007 | Dewi et al. (2021) recorded the second-highest sunfish count in Nusa Penida waters in November 2019, numbering | 22 (in 15 sightings) individuals | Dewi | |
| SEA-MOLA-008 | Dewi et al. (2021) still recorded sunfish in Nusa Penida waters in | December 2019 month | Dewi | |
| SEA-MOLA-009 | Dewi et al. (2021) recorded the most sunfish sightings at Crystal Bay (2019), numbering | 19 (27 individuals) sightings | Dewi | |
| SEA-MOLA-010 | Dewi et al. (2021) found most sunfish sightings in 2019 occurred between | 7:00 to 9:00 time of day | Dewi | |
| SEA-MOLA-011 | Dewi et al. (2021) give the average depth of sunfish sightings in the 7:00-9:00 window (2019) as | 26.8 m | Dewi | |
| SEA-MOLA-012 | Dewi et al. (2021) give the average water temperature at sunfish sightings in the 7:00-9:00 window (2019) as | 21.4 °C | Dewi | |
| SEA-MOLA-013 | Dewi et al. (2021) observed sunfish cleaning in a share of encounters of | 66 percent | Dewi | |
| SEA-MOLA-014 | Dewi et al. (2021) tentatively identify the sunfish seen at Nusa Penida dive depths as two species: | Mola alexandrini and Mola mola species | Dewi | |
| SEA-MPA-001 | The Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries designated the Nusa Penida Marine Conservation Area (KKP Nusa Penida) by decree 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014, signed on | 21 March 2014 | Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 on the Nusa Penida Marine Conservation Area | |
| SEA-MPA-002 | Decree 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 sets the area of the Nusa Penida Marine Conservation Area at about | 20,057 ha | Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 on the Nusa Penida Marine Conservation Area | |
| SEA-MPA-003 | Decree 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 sets the management category of the Nusa Penida marine area as | Taman Wisata Perairan (marine recreation park) category | Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 on the Nusa Penida Marine Conservation Area | |
| SEA-MPA-004 | Decree 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 names as manager of the Nusa Penida marine park | Klungkung Regency government body | Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 on the Nusa Penida Marine Conservation Area | |
| SEA-MPA-005 | Decree 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 names among the species the area protects | Mola-mola and Pari Manta (manta rays) species | Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 on the Nusa Penida Marine Conservation Area | |
| SEA-MPA-006 | Decree 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 gives the outer boundary of the Nusa Penida marine park as six points; northernmost point A is at | 115°34'37.10"E 8°39'14.43"S coordinates | Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 24/KEPMEN-KP/2014 on the Nusa Penida Marine Conservation Area | |
| SEA-MPA-007 | Decree 4/KEPMEN-KP/2014 gives manta rays (Manta birostris and Manta alfredi) full protection in Indonesia over their whole life cycle, from | 27 January 2014 | Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 4/KEPMEN-KP/2014 on full protection of manta rays | |
| SEA-MPA-008 | Decree 4/KEPMEN-KP/2014 allows exceptions to manta ray protection only for | research and development activity | Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan No. 4/KEPMEN-KP/2014 on full protection of manta rays | |
| SEA-MPA-009 | A news report (2020) states management of the Nusa Penida marine park passed from Klungkung Regency to | Bali Province (UPTD KKP Provinsi Bali) body | Mongabay Indonesia | |
| SEA-MPA-010 | A news report (2020) states the Nusa Penida marine park is divided into zones numbering | 7 zones | Mongabay Indonesia | |
| SEA-MPA-011 | A news report (2020) states the Nusa Penida marine area holds about 300 coral species and reef fish species numbering more than | 500 species | Mongabay Indonesia | |
| SEA-MPA-012 | A news report (July 2023) states Bali Province charges foreign adult visitors to the Nusa Penida marine park a fee of | IDR 100,000 IDR per person per day | detikBali news report | |
| SEA-MPA-014 | A news report (July 2023) states the Nusa Penida marine park fee for a domestic adult is | IDR 10,000 IDR | Klungkung Regency | |
| SEA-MPA-016 | A news report (July 2023) states that, separate from the marine park fee, Klungkung Regency charges an entry levy to Nusa Penida per adult of | IDR 25,000 IDR | Klungkung Regency | |
| SEA-MPA-017 | A 2019 peer-reviewed study states codes of conduct for manta ray interactions in the Nusa Penida MPA are | voluntary and not strictly enforced status | Germanov et al. | |
| SEA-MPA-018 | A 2019 peer-reviewed study states the Nusa Penida MPA was first established by the district in | 2010 year | Germanov et al. |
sumber sources
Reading the marine rows
Manta and mola rows report what a study counted at a site over its survey years: presence by month, peaks, and how sightings changed. They are likelihoods drawn from that research, never a promise that an animal will be there on a given day.
The marine park rows quote the regulation or decree that sets each rule or fee, with its year, and name the body that manages the area. A ticket price prints in rupiah as the regulation states it, per foreign visitor and day where the regulation says so.
Which manta site and which month suit a trip is on the Manta Point page; which snorkel trip visits which reef is on the snorkelling page. The mangroves come back on the Nusa Ceningan page and the seaweed farms on the Nusa Lembongan page.
To cite a row, give its id, this page's address with the id after a #, and the read date; the citation note on the data page has an example. The data is licensed CC BY 4.0, with credit to nusapenida.info.